托福tpo50聽力lecture3 American Realism

托福tpo50聽力lecture3 American Realism，接下來就跟著中國教育在線的小編詳細了解一下吧。

American Realism托福聽力原文翻譯及問題答案

一、American Realism托福聽力原文：

NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a United States literature class.The professor is discussing realism.

MALE PROFESSOR:Ok，everyone，in our last class we finished up Romanticism，right? So now let’s look at something completely different.Realism as a literary technique was most popular in U.S.literature from around 1860 till 1890.So it started pretty much around the time of the Civil War.And I think you'll see right away how it's different from Romanticism，or any other kind of literature.It has a very specific point that makes it unique，and that is that it shows people as they are，and gets you to look at them，and also，you know，the things that need to be changed in a society.And it does it without being sentimental，not in that sort of overly emotional way，the way that Romantic literature can.Realism tells it like it is.

Let's look at society as a whole.In the late 1800s，people were interested in the scientific method，as well as rational philosophy—which，uh，says that people can discover the truth by using reason and factual analysis. So，reason and facts，OK.And at the same time that realism was becoming popular there were a lot of political and socioeconomic changes happening in the country.There was，uh，increased literacy，plus the growth of industrialism and urbanization，growth in population from immigration，and a rise in middle-class affluence.All these factors，combined with the importance of reason and facts，meant that readers were interested in really having a good understanding of all these uh，changes，the changes going on in society.A scholar named Amy Kaplan says，and I'm just paraphrasing here，that realism is a way to understand and deal with social change.Which makes a lot of sense，I think.So，then，let’s take a closer look at the tricks of the trade，at how realist writers did their work.For one thing，as we said，they focus on—big surprise—reality.And in great detail.They aim for verisimilitude—should I write that on the board?

FEMALE STUDENTS&MALE STUDENTS:um-hms.

MALE PROFESSOR:Ok.Verisimilitude means，basically，to seem true or real.Like，say，a photograph，rather than a painting，in a way.In fact，that's a good analogy.You see，writers tried to capture a moment in time，and all its basic facts，but without exaggeration，just like a camera does.

Anyway，the events，the things that happen in realist literature，are usually pretty much plausible，I mean，you figure they could probably happen to anyone.And the characters are believable too， and actually，they're usually even more important than the plot.They're also uh…they talk the way that real people talk，authentic speaking styles from different regions…different parts of the country were captured in the text.Does that make sense?…OK.

So，besides verisimilitude，another important characteristic of realism is the narrator's objectivity.Characters and events are described without the narrator's passing much judgment on them or anything，or being too dramatic.Basically，you're reading a story without too much extra comment from the narrator.OK.Now，we have an idea of what realism was.So，who were the players?Well，two important realist novelists were Rebecca Harding Davis and Mark Twain.We’ll talk more about other realists tomorrow，but for today let's just start by looking briefly at these two.

Rebecca Harding Davis was an author and journalist who，like other realists，was concerned about all those social changes going on.She wrote mainly about some marginalized groups of the time，like women，Native Americans，uh，immigrants.Now，her best-known book is a novella called Life in the Iron Mills.It's really a key text because it's one of the original realist works.Her works overall have been pretty much ignored for a long time，but some critics and scholars are starting to revisit them and study them more seriously，probably more for the historical aspects of the works，and...and I think that’s great.

But if we're talking about great literature，literature that's read and enjoyed today...as something more than just a way of looking at that era，the era when it was written，well，a favorite of mine is Mark Twain.I'm sure you've read or heard of his most famous book，The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.And Twain's style…it goes back to what I said earlier，verisimilitude，the realistic way characters act and talk.You should realize too that this was quite a contrast to earlier writers in the U.S.who tried to emulate British writers，tried to be very elegant—at the expense of realism.Y'know，a lot of critics will tell you that American literature began with that book—The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

二、American Realism托福聽力中文翻譯：

旁白：聽一段美國文學課的演講。教授正在討論現實主義。

男教授：好的，大家好，在上一節(jié)課上，我們完成了浪漫主義，對吧&nbsp；現在讓我們來看一些完全不同的東西。寫實主義作為一種文學技巧，在1860年至1890年間最受美國文學的歡迎。因此，它幾乎開始于南北戰(zhàn)爭時期。我想你會馬上看到它與浪漫主義或任何其他類型的文學有什么不同。它有一個非常具體的點，這使它獨一無二，那就是它展示了人們的現狀，讓你看到他們，以及，你知道的，社會中需要改變的事情。它做到了不傷感，而不是以浪漫主義文學所能做到的那種過度情緒化的方式?，F實主義告訴我們事實。

讓我們看看整個社會。在19世紀末，人們對科學方法以及理性哲學感興趣，理性哲學說人們可以通過理性和事實分析來發(fā)現真相&nbsp；所以，理性和事實，好吧。在現實主義變得流行的同時，這個國家發(fā)生了許多政治和社會經濟變化。有，呃，識字率提高，加上工業(yè)化和城市化的發(fā)展，移民帶來的人口增長，中產階級的富裕程度提高。所有這些因素，加上理性和事實的重要性，意味著讀者有興趣真正了解所有這些呃，變化，社會正在發(fā)生的變化。一位名叫艾米·卡普蘭（Amy Kaplan）的學者說，我只是在這里轉述一下，現實主義是理解和處理社會變化的一種方式。我認為這很有道理。那么，讓我們來仔細看看這個行業(yè)的技巧，看看現實主義作家是如何完成他們的工作的。首先，正如我們所說，他們關注的是——令人驚訝的現實。而且非常詳細。他們的目標是逼真——我應該把它寫在黑板上嗎？

女學生和男學生：嗯，嗯。

男教授：好的。“真實性”基本上是指看起來真實或真實。比如說，一張照片，而不是一幅畫。事實上，這是一個很好的類比。你看，作家試圖捕捉一個時刻，以及它的所有基本事實，但沒有夸張，就像相機一樣。

不管怎樣，現實主義文學中發(fā)生的事件，通常都是似是而非的，我的意思是，你認為它們可能發(fā)生在任何人身上。人物也很可信；實際上，它們通常比情節(jié)更重要。他們也呃…他們用真人說話的方式，來自不同地區(qū)的真實說話風格…文本中捕捉到了這個國家的不同地區(qū)。這有意義嗎？…好啊

因此，除了逼真性，現實主義的另一個重要特征是敘事者的客觀性。人物和事件的描述不需要敘述者對他們或任何東西做出太多的判斷，也不需要太戲劇化?；旧?，你讀的是一個故事，沒有旁白過多的額外評論。好吧?，F在，我們知道了什么是現實主義。那么，球員是誰？兩位重要的現實主義小說家是麗貝卡·哈丁·戴維斯和馬克·吐溫。明天我們將更多地討論其他現實主義者，但今天我們先簡單地看一下這兩位。

麗貝卡·哈丁·戴維斯（Rebecca Harding Davis）是一位作家和記者，和其他現實主義者一樣，她關注著正在發(fā)生的所有社會變化。她主要寫一些當時處于邊緣地位的群體，比如女性、美國原住民、移民?，F在，她最著名的書是一部中篇小說《鐵廠生活》。這真的是一個關鍵的文本，因為它是原創(chuàng)現實主義作品之一。很長一段時間以來，她的作品一直被忽視，但一些評論家和學者開始重新審視這些作品，并對其進行更認真的研究，可能更多的是為了作品的歷史方面，而且……我認為這很好。

但如果我們談論的是偉大的文學，今天閱讀和欣賞的文學……不僅僅是一種看待那個時代的方式，一個寫作的時代，我最喜歡的是馬克·吐溫。我相信你已經讀過或聽說過他最著名的書《哈克貝利·費恩歷險記》。吐溫的風格……它回到了我之前說過的，逼真，人物行為和說話的真實方式。你也應該意識到，這與美國早期的作家形成了鮮明的對比，他們試圖模仿英國作家，試圖以犧牲現實主義為代價表現得非常優(yōu)雅。你知道，很多評論家會告訴你，美國文學始于《哈克貝利·芬恩歷險記》這本書。

三、American Realism托福聽力問題：

Q1:1.What is the main purpose of the lecture?

A.To highlight realism's causes and characteristics

B.To explore plot and character development in realist literature

C.To examine realism's contribution to social change

D.To show how two realist authors influenced literature in the United States

Q2:2.Why does the professor mention the scientific method and rational philosophy?

A.To give examples of subjects commonly chosen by realist authors

B.To provide context for his discussion of realist authors

C.To explain how the realist style had an effect in areas unrelated to literature

D.To highlight changes in society that realist authors opposed

Q3:3.According to the professor，what are three characteristics of realist literature?[Click on 3 answers.]

A.Sentimental plot structure

B.Concern for social change

C.Well-developed characters

D.Use of a narrator to complicate the plot

E.Use of regional speaking styles

Q4:4.According to the professor，what makes Life in the Iron Mills by Rebecca Harding Davis notable?

A.It is unlike her other works.

B.It led to many changes throughout society.

C.It was one of the first examples of realist literature.

D.It influenced the more famous works of Mark Twain.

Q5:5.What is the professor's opinion of the writing of Rebecca Harding Davis?

A.It is similar in quality to Mark Twain’s writing.

B.It provides valuable insight about the time period.

C.It was not successful in bringing about the changes it advocated.

D.Davis'style was not as realistic as Twain's.

Q6:6.What does the professor imply about literature in the United States prior to The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn?

A.It did not yet have a distinct American style.

B.Very few books were published.

C.Romanticism and realism had started to combine.

D.British authors were using realism more than American authors were.

四、American Realism托福聽力答案：

A1:正確答案：A

A2:正確答案：B

A3:正確答案：BCE

A4:正確答案：C

A5:正確答案：B

A6:正確答案：A

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