托福閱讀中推斷題
2024-04-15 15:09:55 來(lái)源：中國(guó)教育在線
很多同學(xué)都很關(guān)注托福閱讀中推斷題這個(gè)問(wèn)題，那么接下來(lái)就跟著中國(guó)教育在線小編一起來(lái)看看吧，相信你通過(guò)以下的文章內(nèi)容就會(huì)有更深入的了解。
托福 閱讀中推斷題
推論題(Inference)：文章中有些論點(diǎn)/觀點(diǎn)沒(méi)有明確闡述，但卻強(qiáng)烈暗示出來(lái)了。例如，文章論述的結(jié)果引出了，推論題就可能就造成結(jié)果的起因提問(wèn)。如果文中有比較，推論題就可能問(wèn)做比較的基礎(chǔ)是什么。如果文中有對(duì)某一新現(xiàn)象的明確闡述，推論題就可能要求推論舊現(xiàn)象的特征。推論題雖然是傳統(tǒng)題型，但難度很大，需要考生花大功夫準(zhǔn)備。
推理題的標(biāo)志是在題干中出現(xiàn)infer/imply/suggest/indicate/most likely 這樣的詞匯，它和細(xì)節(jié)題屬于同源題目，都需要定位并且根據(jù)文中信息來(lái)選擇答案。與細(xì)節(jié)題不同的是，推理題在找到原文中定位點(diǎn)之后考察的是學(xué)生對(duì)于文中信息的總結(jié)概括，或者反向推理的能力。
推理題的兩大分類：有共性的推理題和無(wú)共性的推理題。這里所謂的有共性推理題就是說(shuō)題干中有和原文內(nèi)容相同的關(guān)鍵詞(也叫線索)。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，然后進(jìn)行推理。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，大多數(shù)的推理題都屬于這類題目。對(duì)于無(wú)共性的推理題，也就是題干中無(wú)線索，一般使用排除法，即根據(jù)各個(gè)選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，通過(guò)排除法得出正確答案。返回原文找信息點(diǎn)，采用排除法是解決這兩類題型解決的共同策略。
推理題大概有三個(gè)解題思路：一般對(duì)比推理、時(shí)間對(duì)比推理、集合概念推理。一般對(duì)比推理：根據(jù)兩個(gè)事情的對(duì)比特征，問(wèn)其中一個(gè)事物的特征，只要將與之形成對(duì)比的另外一個(gè)事情的特征否定掉就可以。時(shí)間對(duì)比推理：在這種推理中，一般有兩個(gè)形成對(duì)比的時(shí)間段，它們所具有的特征一般相反。當(dāng)題干問(wèn)一個(gè)時(shí)間段的特征時(shí)，只要將與之相反的時(shí)間段的特征否定掉就可以了。集合概念推理 ：一個(gè)大的集合的兩個(gè)方面形成對(duì)比，兩者之間存在著互補(bǔ)性關(guān)系，也就是一個(gè)的增加意味著另一個(gè)的減少。反之，相同。
在這里我們先來(lái)看一個(gè)例子：
Passage：…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century， a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals) with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils， so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles...
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?
a.They did not smoke when they were burned.
b.They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.
c.They were not available to all.
d.They contained sulfuric acid.
正確答案是C.這一段的第一句就告訴我們：19世紀(jì)的一些新發(fā)明和發(fā)現(xiàn)也對(duì)蠟燭工業(yè)產(chǎn)生了一次巨大的革命，這次革命使得所有的人都使用上了照明。從這句話中我們可以得到兩層信息：19世紀(jì)蠟燭工業(yè)有了一次革命性的變化;在沒(méi)有這次變革之前，也就是在19世紀(jì)以前，照明并不是所有人都能使用的。因?yàn)樽髡咴谡務(wù)摰氖窍灎T的變革，所以這里所說(shuō)的“l(fā)ighting照明”一定是與蠟燭有關(guān)的照明，其實(shí)也就是告訴我們19世紀(jì)以前并不是所有人都能夠使用到蠟燭帶來(lái)的照明，這一推論出的信息正好與選項(xiàng)C吻合。文章第一句同時(shí)也是一個(gè)時(shí)間的分水嶺，告訴我們19世紀(jì)蠟燭工業(yè)的變革是怎么樣的?！霸?9世紀(jì)早期到中期，蠟燭處理工藝使用alkali 和 sulfuric acid 來(lái)提煉 tallow，提煉后的產(chǎn)品就是 stearin，stearin 比未經(jīng)提煉的tallow堅(jiān)硬而且燃燒得更久。這一巨大的變化意味著制造出不產(chǎn)生煙和rancid味道的蠟燭是可能的?！痹谶@里的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞是 rancid，意思是(油脂食物，其味道、氣味)不新鮮的;腐臭的;正好與選項(xiàng)b的pleasant odor相反。19世紀(jì)前的蠟燭產(chǎn)生usualsmoke(經(jīng)常有煙)，這與選項(xiàng)a相反。Sulfuric acid是19世紀(jì)用來(lái)處理fallow的材料，在19世紀(jì)以前是沒(méi)有使用的，這與選項(xiàng)d相反。
托福閱讀推斷題的三種解題方式
推斷題Inference Question，又叫推理題，是許多同學(xué)最煩惱的閱讀題型。往往閱讀已達(dá)25分以上的同學(xué)，最后的幾道錯(cuò)題中就有推斷題的身影。曾遇到一個(gè)分?jǐn)?shù)已經(jīng)29的高分學(xué)員，二刷托福的最后階段，還是每每在推斷題上栽跟頭。
原因呢，就在于推斷題邏輯的“模糊”——比起大部分題型，比如細(xì)節(jié)題簡(jiǎn)單粗暴、非黑即白的邏輯， 推斷題的態(tài)度要顯得曖昧許多。但首先我們要確定的是，雖然很難在原文中找到直接的同義改寫， 但文中一定會(huì)有依據(jù)。一旦依據(jù)不足，那做的就不是推斷題，而是“腦補(bǔ)題“了。問(wèn)我們：“What can we infer about XXX”，實(shí)際上是問(wèn)“作者對(duì)XXX有什么潛臺(tái)詞?”
潛臺(tái)詞里套路多，所以我們首先把題目分為兩類。 一類是(1)“題干定位“型，一類可以叫作(2)“選項(xiàng)定位型“。讀完題干就可以區(qū)分。舉個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子：
現(xiàn)在城市中養(yǎng)貓的人群正在興起，逐漸改變了以往狗多貓少的情況。其中原因有很多，首先，比起養(yǎng)狗，養(yǎng)貓更加方便。貓咪幾乎沒(méi)有體味，不需要遛，也不需要經(jīng)常洗澡：貓會(huì)自己“洗澡”。與狗不同，它們的唾液有很強(qiáng)的清潔力。此外，貓比狗需求的陪伴更少，這很適合生活忙碌的白領(lǐng)人群?，F(xiàn)代寵物行業(yè)培養(yǎng)了許多適宜家養(yǎng)的貓咪品種。比如美國(guó)短毛貓，脾氣較為溫順，尤其是銀虎斑，性格乖巧，適合作為家養(yǎng)寵物。
根據(jù)這段原文出兩道推斷題。(1)關(guān)于美國(guó)短毛貓，我們可以推斷出什么結(jié)論?(2)關(guān)于養(yǎng)貓，我們可以推斷出什么結(jié)論?那么第一題就是“題干定位題”，因?yàn)椤懊绹?guó)短毛貓”可以確定定位區(qū)間——原文的最后一句話。而第二題，我們卻顯然無(wú)法根據(jù)題干來(lái)定位，因?yàn)檎挝淖侄际侵v養(yǎng)貓的。所以第二題我們采取的策略是根據(jù)選項(xiàng)去定位。我們可以叫它“選項(xiàng)定位型”。
區(qū)分了兩種類型，就可以分別看看它們的套路了!
定位型的推斷題詳解
今天我們要詳細(xì)講解的是題干定位型的推斷題。以下是一些用得上的推理邏輯。
1. 反向推理
要有信心的是：只要題干中的關(guān)鍵詞是可以定位的，這道題就肯定不難，肯定可以拿下。 我們要做的就是緊扣定位區(qū)間，從幾句話中確定依據(jù)，再回頭看選項(xiàng)。很快就可以知道哪幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)的依據(jù)不足。我們還是根據(jù)上面這個(gè)養(yǎng)貓的例子來(lái)出幾道題，考考大家的邏輯。
1. 關(guān)于動(dòng)物的唾液，我們能推斷出什么結(jié)論?
A. 貓的唾液比人類的沐浴液更有清潔力。
B. 狗的唾液沒(méi)有清潔力。
C. 動(dòng)物的唾液都有清潔力。
D. 因?yàn)樨埖耐僖嚎梢宰晕仪鍧?，所以貓的一生不需要洗澡?/p>
這道題拿到手，當(dāng)然是用“唾液“作為關(guān)鍵詞去定位。找到定位區(qū)間：“貓咪并不需要遛，也不需要經(jīng)常洗澡：貓會(huì)自己“洗澡”。與狗不同，它們的唾液有很強(qiáng)的清潔力。“依據(jù)僅有這兩句話，其中沒(méi)有提到“人類的沐浴液”，因此排除A;“貓不需要經(jīng)常洗澡”和D中的“一生不需要洗澡”矛盾，排除D;C顯然不對(duì)，因此選擇B。
B這個(gè)選項(xiàng)，我們叫做反向推理，由“與狗不同，……”這句話推出。這個(gè)邏輯非常常見?，F(xiàn)在來(lái)看一看TPO中的練習(xí)題：
It should be obvious that cetaceans – whales, porpoises, and dolphins – are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
A.It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.
B.There were great numbers of them.
C. They lived in the sea only.
D. They did not leave many fossil remains.
這道題是非常經(jīng)典的題干定位、反向推理。題干中的sea otter, 定位到的區(qū)間為unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.邏輯和上面那道例題非常相似，根據(jù)unlike推出sea otter情況與cetacean相反，因此選A。
還有一種更為隱晦的反向推理。比如，托福出分了，媽媽對(duì)你說(shuō)：你和小明、小紅都是一個(gè)班的，你看看小明這次考得特別好，小紅也考得不錯(cuò)!請(qǐng)問(wèn)根據(jù)媽媽的話可以推斷出什么?當(dāng)然是媽媽的潛臺(tái)詞：“你”沒(méi)有考好。這件事媽媽沒(méi)有明說(shuō)，但仍然是反向推理出來(lái)的。
那就讓我們把這種題目拿下，考出個(gè)超級(jí)好的成績(jī)，讓媽媽無(wú)話可說(shuō)：
A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community; that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.
Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from paragraph 1?
A. It excludes interactions between more than two species.
B. It makes it less likely for species within a community, to survive.
C. Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.
D. Its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one.
根據(jù)題干的commensalism, 找到定位區(qū)間“There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community”。第一句話羅列了三種關(guān)系，第二句話強(qiáng)調(diào)了第一種和第三種是key factor，那么沒(méi)有提到的第二種——也就是題干所問(wèn)的這一種，就是與之相反的不是key factor。答案呼之欲出：就是C,its significance is small.
再來(lái)一題更難的：
With question such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers. On August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. The sample consisted of pebbles of hardened sediment that had once been soft, deep-sea mud, as well as granules of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin, the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of what appeared to be windblown silt.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the solid gypsum layer?
A. It did not contain any marine fossil.
B. It had formed in open-ocean conditions.
C. It had once been soft, deep-sea mud.
D. It contained sediment from nearby deserts.
這題拿到手，還是找定位區(qū)間：“the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions.”第一句話說(shuō)gypsum的內(nèi)在結(jié)構(gòu)說(shuō)明它是在沙漠形成的;第二句話講了gypsum上下兩層的情況：富含marine fossils。從第二句話中，我們傾向于推出中間的gypsum曾并沒(méi)有marine fossils，邏輯和上題一樣。第一句話給了我們佐證：gypsum本身應(yīng)當(dāng)從沙漠來(lái)，當(dāng)然沒(méi)有海洋沉淀。答案：A。
反向推理的邏輯大致如此。其中還有一種較為特殊的“時(shí)間推理”，我們也可以看一看。
2. 時(shí)間推理
時(shí)間推理的邏輯非常簡(jiǎn)單。大致就是：小明在2017年去了美國(guó)讀大學(xué)——可以推出2017年以前小明沒(méi)有去美國(guó)讀大學(xué)。通過(guò)時(shí)間先后來(lái)反推，其實(shí)也屬于反向推理中的一種。一道簡(jiǎn)單的TPO：
The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture—of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy. During periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.
What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?
A. They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco,and cotton.
B. They were able to sell their productat high prices.
C. They had not been successful in raising cattle.
D. They did not operate in a national market economy.
答案選C。你選對(duì)了嗎?
再來(lái)看一看時(shí)間推理更進(jìn)一步的題會(huì)出成什么樣：
This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height. The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well as to determine the best courses for the canals. This job gave Smith an opportunity to study the fresh rock outcrops created by the newly dug canal. He later worked on similar jobs across the length and breadth of England all the while studying the newly revealed strata and collecting all the fossils he could find. Smith used mail coaches to travel as much as 10000 miles per year. In 1815 he published the first modern geological map “A Map of the Strata of England and Wales with a Part of Scotland”, map so meticulously researched that it can still be used today.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about canal building?
A. Canals were built primarily in the south of England rather than in other regions.
B. Canal building decreased after the steam locomotive was invented.
C. Canal building made it difficult to study rock strata which often became damaged in the process.
D. Canal builders hired surveyors like Smith to examine exposed rock strata.
這道題目跪了無(wú)數(shù)人。其實(shí)這題看似信息雜亂，但題目中的canal building是可以定位的：文中的前3句話。第一句話就是題眼所在：在steam locomotive出現(xiàn)之前，canal building was at its height。你是否理解了at its height?它表示“達(dá)到了頂峰“。所以簡(jiǎn)單地畫一個(gè)圖，是這樣的：
所以選B，毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)。A信息不足，而C和D都和原文有不同程度的出入。
以上，就是本文的全部?jī)?nèi)容分享，希望能給同學(xué)們帶來(lái)參考，如果您還有托福閱讀中推斷題其他方面的疑問(wèn)，歡迎隨時(shí)在線咨詢客服老師。
>>免費(fèi)領(lǐng)全球留學(xué)白皮書，了解各大學(xué)報(bào)考條件、費(fèi)用、開學(xué)時(shí)間、含金量<<
HOT
1
